What is Depression?

Everyone feels sad or low sometimes, but these feelings usually pass with time. Depression (also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression) is different.

It can cause severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working.

It is an illness that can affect anyone—regardless of age, race, income, culture, or education.

Research suggests that genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors play a role in depression.

Types of Depression (links)

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Most common and severe form

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Chronic, less severe, lasting 2+ years

Bipolar Depression: Occurs in bipolar disorder alongside manic episodes

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD):

Occurs seasonally, often in winter

Postpartum Depression: After childbirth

Symptoms

Symptoms can vary but often include:

Persistent sadness or low mood

Loss of interest or pleasure in most activities

Changes in appetite (weight loss or gain)

Sleep disturbances (insomnia or oversleeping)

Fatigue or low energy

Feelings of worthlessness or guilt

Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

Thoughts of death or suicide

Causes

Depression can result from a combination of factors:

Biological: Changes in neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, dopamine)

Genetics: Family history can increase risk

Psychological: Trauma, abuse, or chronic stress

Environmental: Major life changes, financial problems, or loss

Medical: Chronic illness, certain medications, or substance use

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